These cycles can be repeated to achieve better penetration. Prohibited Substances. As the industry phases out wood pressure-treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) in preparation for the Jan. 1, 2004, ban, keep in mind that the high level of copper in the alternativesalkaline copper quarternary (ACQ) and copper azole lead the fieldreacts with aluminum, causing corrosion. Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is a chemical wood preservative containing chromium, copper and arsenic, used to protect pressure-treated wood from insect and microbial induced rot. Besides the impregnation with the biopolymers the timber can also be impregnated with fire retardant resins. As a preservative it is effective for exterior work above and below ground, but the thin layer makes it less useful in practice. msds # c13m cca type c 50-60% wood preservative msds page 2 of 11 2. composition and information on ingredients chemical name cas # % m/m exposure limits in air Natural substances, purified from naturally rot-resistant trees and responsible for natural durability, also known as natural extractives, are another promising wood preservatives. Table 1. There is also a variety of additional methods involving charring, applying preservatives in bored holes, diffusion processes and sap displacement. Please read were to touch the treated wood or inhale dust from the wood, there may be different levels of risk or toxicity. While still using a chemical preservative, this formulation contains no heavy-metal compounds. Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) In CCA treatment, copper is the primary fungicide, arsenic is a secondary fungicide and an insecticide, and chromium is a fixative which also provides ultraviolet (UV) light resistance. The danger of CCA is that it contains arsenic - a highly poisonous metallic element. 1.800.858.7378 npic@ace.orst.edu By using the spray method, coal-tar creosote, oil-borne solutions and water-borne salts (to some extent) can also be applied. [10], Use of CCA-treated wood for beehive construction has been associated with increased levels of arsenic in the honey and winter loss of bee colonies. endstream endobj startxref (Sawed materials stickers should be placed between every board layer.) Using the proper treated wood in the right Incisions made in sawed material usually are parallel with the grain of the wood. from other clothes. Chromated arsenicals pose risks to aquatic invertebrates and plants. The addition of the wax stabilizer allows a lower preservative retention plus substantially reduces the tendency of wood to warp and split as it dries. However, unlike most other preservatives, borate compounds do not become fixed in the wood and can be partially leached out if exposed repeatedly to water that flows away rather than evaporating (evaporation leaves the borate behind so is not a problem). apply if treated wood will not contact soil, animals, or food. chromated copper arsenate Aadinath Chemical Industries Flat No. Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is a pesticide that has been used as a preservative in pressure-treated wood since the 1940s. Na]1CGGG1bw44C3u {Upa0/(>0`W6<>C``R}7b@ZINH00$:H00Mx20 52 our disclaimer | Contact us | About NPIC | En espaol. Richardson, B.A. [29] Huon pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii), merbau (Intsia bijuga), ironbark (Eucalyptus spp. Fast growing softwood is impregnated with the water-soluble bio-polymer. Small amounts of treated wood ingredients in play structures, decks, or picnic tables may transfer to skin or clothing from contact. Like other copper-based wood preservatives, it . uptake. [11], Another concern is the leaching of chromium and arsenic from CCA-treated timber and their release to the environment. The phaseout was completed by 31 December 2003. As a result of this decision, CCA-treated wood can no longer be used to construct residential structures such as playground equipment, decks, picnic tables, landscaping features, fences, patios, and walkways. Can certified organic farms use treated wood? making decisions about pesticide use. Nevertheless, CCA remains a popular and economical option to make perishable timbers, such as plantation-grown pine, viable for applications like poles, piling, retaining structures, etc. Wear goggles and a dust mask when sawing wood treated with chromated arsenicals and wash your hands after handling. http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/treatedwood.html, Oregon State In addition to offering service lives many times that of untreated poles, CCA poles also offer a number of features which make them the utility pole of choice for . Wood treated with chromated arsenicals should not be reused in products such as mulch. This is done by reacting the wood with acetic anhydride, which comes from acetic acid. pentachlorophenol have not been evaluated by the EPA. Later, in 1947, Stamm and Tarkow filed a patent on the acetylation of wood and boards using pyridine as a catalyst. There are numerous non-pressure processes of treating wood which vary primarily in their procedure. [30][31][32] These compounds are mostly identified in the heartwood, although they are also present in minimal concentrations in the sapwood. When treating seasoned timber, both the water and the preservative salt soak into the wood, making it necessary to season the wood a second time. The composition of CCA products is usually described in terms of the mass percentages of chromium trioxide or "chromic acid" .mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}CrO3, arsenic pentoxide As2O5, and copper(II) oxide CuO. It is used to impregnate timber and other wood products, especially those intended for outdoor use, in order to protect them from attack by microbes and insects. Although chromated arsenicals pesticide products are not available to homeowners, individuals may encounter wood treated with chromated arsenicals in a residential setting (e.g., existing treated structures). 2591 0 obj <> endobj It can be used as a wood preservative to prolong the life of lumber. Theoretically this alcohol can be from any fermented bio-mass waste and therefore can be called a green chemical. Do not burn CCA or other preservative-treated wood in a residential setting to avoid possible inhalation of toxic chemicals in the smoke and ash. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. %%EOF Chromated arsenicals-treated wood is used to produce commercial wood poles, posts, shakes, shingles, permanent foundation support beams, pilings, and other wood products permitted by approved labeling. 4 Human Health Concerns. The treatment is carried out in cylinders. The particles of copper are so small they fit into the small holes in the structure These include an extended coatings life due to acetylated wood acting as a more stable substrate for paints and translucent coatings. Micronized Copper Azole (MCA) and Micronized Copper Quaternary (MCQ) have small copper particles and another compound to protect wood from decay. 5.2 Potential Chemical Discharges. There have been inconsistent claims that through this process it is possible to reverse the pit closure by spruce. There are several commercially available wood-based construction materials using pressure-treatment (such as those marketed in the United States and elsewhere under the trade names of 'FirePro', 'Burnblock' 'Wood-safe, 'Dricon', 'D-Blaze,' and 'Pyro-Guard'), as well as factory-applied coatings under the trade names of 'PinkWood' and 'NexGen'. Collect and dispose of sawdust from treated wood. Key players in the Global Chromated Copper Arsenate. intended to be educational in nature and helpful to consumers for In spite of the vast amount of research on chemical modification of wood, and, more specifically, on the acetylation of wood, commercialization did not come easily. The charred surface is then cleaned using a steel brush to remove loose bits and to expose the grain. Since then, numerous processes have been introduced or existing processes improved. The American Wood Protection Association 32 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[17 30]/Info 16 0 R/Length 79/Prev 20813/Root 18 0 R/Size 47/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Wood-Preservers' Association (AWPA) Standards, ACA was "deleted in 2003, without The only impregnation-applied fire retardant commercially available in Australia is 'NexGen'. It is a mix of chromium, copper and arsenic formulated as oxides or salts, and is recognizable for the greenish tint it imparts to timber. Concentration gradients showed elevated total As and Cu adjacent to the three fence posts, which decreased with increasing distance from the posts. Since the preservative is a pesticide, its production and use have been regulated by the U.S. Government for over sixty years, first by the . Tables 1 and 2 can be used to to soil. product type and application. Even though leaching will not normally reduce boron concentrations below effective levels for preventing fungal growth, borates should not be used where they will be exposed to repeated rain, water or ground contact unless the exposed surfaces are treated to repel water. These products are reduces the waste of forest resources by delaying the need for replacement Wood surfaces are ignited using a hand-held burner or moved slowly across a fire. In 1961, the Koppers Company published a technical bulletin on the acetylation of wood using no catalysis, but with an organic cosolvent[25] In 1977, in Russia, Otlesnov and Nikitina came close to commercialization, but the process was discontinued, presumably because cost-effectiveness could not be achieved. variable. These cylinders are then set under pressure often with the addition of higher temperature. Sealants or other coatings will reduce the risk of environmental contamination.[3]. These include pentachlorophenol ("penta") and creosote. The temperature of the preservative in the hot bath should be between 60 to 110C (140 to 230F) and 30 to 40C (86 to 104F) in the cold bath (depending on preservative and tree species). Developed in the Philippines, this method (abbreviated HPSD) consists of a cylinder pressure cap made from a 3mm thick mild steel plate secured with 8 sets of bolts, a 2-HP diesel engine, and a pressure regulator with 1.414kg/m2 capacity. Where can I find guidance on choosing treated wood? [7][8][9], Machining (sawing, sanding, drilling) CCA-treated wood also exposes construction workers and amateur carpenters to chronic and acute health risks via inhalation. Only a few wood preservatives are discussed in this fact sheet. endstream endobj startxref This treated wood utilizes a fire retardant chemical that remains stable in high temperature environments. It also improves the weather resistance of treated timber and may assist paint adherence in the long term. As explained in Uhlig's Corrosion Handbook, this process involves two or more chemical baths that undergo a reaction with the cells of the wood, and result in the precipitation of preservative into the wood cells. Chromated copper arsenic (CCA) is a waterborne wood preservative injected into wood by pressure impregnation.Chromated copper . The oil penetrates the wood, and then hardens to form an impermeable hydrophobic layer up to 5mm into the wood. We use cookies to deliver the best possible experience on our website. The global Chromated Copper Arsenate Market size is projected to accrue voluminously by 2027 registering a phenomenal CAGR of 4.6% during the review period (2022 to 2027) Chromated Copper Arsenate Market Overview. However, there are some suppliers selling PTI products for delivery anywhere in the US on a job lot order basis. Copper Arsenate, Chromated | As2CrCuO9 | CID 86341922 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological . creosote, and pentachlorophenol are not registered to treat wood for consumers, including use in garden beds.14,15,18 For more detailed information about treated wood please visit the list of referenced resources, call the National Since the 1970s, the majority of the wood used in residential settings was CCA-treated wood. The very low required amounts of PTI in pressure treated wood further limits effects and substantially decreases the freight costs and associated environmental impacts for shipping preservative components to the pressure treating plants. Generally, preservatives tend to move less in organic-rich soils. This results in reduced transportation infrastructure costs and increased public safety. The cap is placed over the stump of a pole, tree or bamboo and the preservative is forced into the wood with pressure from the engine. [3], CCA has been phased out of residential use also in Canada. There are a couple of main reasons why the majority of railroad ties are made from wood. An Evaluation Report from the International Code Council-Evaluation Service (ICC-ES) may confirm that a certain type of CCA-C is effective for wood that may be used in contact with water, soil, concrete Lew K, Acker J P, Gabos S and LeX C (2010): "Biomonitoring of Arsenic in Urine and Saliva of Children Playing on Playgrounds Constructed from Chromated Copper Arsenate-Treated Wood". What are the different types of treated wood? hb```3@(1IO+pReHWZ!Lpttp kGGb0f: EXl|?78>_ 2_X?1N)v "&`KIia&3@(tn&@Z/\TiRZP Q/ Creosote is one of the oldest wood preservatives, and was originally derived from a wood distillate, but now, virtually all creosote is manufactured from the distillation of coal tar. http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/treatedwood.html. Chromated copper arsenate | C9H8As2Cu3O9 | CID 56925092 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological . specific regulations about treated wood. %PDF-1.5 % The United States restricted the use of CCA on residential lumber in 2003, but it can still be found on older decks Rise And Fall Of The 'King' Of Wood Preservatives Wood News | September - October 2019 Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is one of the best inventions in the history of wood preservation, and India is proud to have given the world a product that ruled supreme for over 60 years. Oil-based Chromated copper arsenate is another wood treatment chemical. Wood treatments are not meant to be water resistant. Peter D. Constable and Kenneth W. Hinchcliff and Stanley H. Done and Walter Grnberg (2017): "Systemic and Multi-Organ Diseases". readily move downward following leaching, as most bind to soil. CCA is a chemical preservative comprised of arsenic, chromium, and copper. The most widely used material for railroad ties is wood, with a market share of over 93% in the United States. University and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (cooperative agreement Pesticide Information Center, Monday - Friday, between 8:00am - 12:00pm Pacific Time (11:00am - 3:00pm Eastern Time) at University. Toxicity studies with micronized forms of copper are available.11 ACQ, CA, MCA, and The present-day incising machines consist essentially of four revolving drums fitted with teeth or needles or with lasers that burn the incisions into the wood. In recent years in Australia and New Zealand, linseed oil has been incorporated in preservative formulations as a solvent and water repellent to "envelope treat" timber. This process is common in North America (since the 1950s), where Douglas-fir products and pole butts of various species are prepared before treatment. In both cases, treatment provides a physical barrier to flame spread. To read the ID and other documents, see docket at EPA-OPP-2015-0349 at https://www.regulations.gov. Avoid contamination of nearby soils and water. CCA should only be used in the approved categories of forest . Some may be pressure treated with water alone, which while much more long lived than normal wood, will not repel insects as much as chemically treated but will resist mold and water damage much more than non-treated lumber. The most widespread application processes today are those using artificial pressure through which many woods are being effectively treated, but several species (such as spruce, Douglas-fir, larch, hemlock and fir) are very resistant to impregnation. In 1946, Tarkow, Stamm and Erickson first described the use of wood acetylation to stabilize wood from swelling in water. It preserves the wood from decay fungi, wood attacking insects, including termites, and marine borers. [4], In the treated wood, arsenic is believed to be in the form of chromium (III) arsenate CrAsO4 and/or copper(II) arsenate Cu3(AsO4)2, or fairly stable chromium dimer-arsenic clusters.[4]. Various epoxy resins usually thinned with a solvent like acetone or methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) can be used to both preserve and seal wood. Unfortunately, the impregnation of spruce, the most important structural timber in large areas in Europe, has shown that unsatisfactory treatment depths have been achieved with impregnation. Both of these pressure treatments routinely protect wood for 40 years in most applications. 1. The modified Boucherie process consists of placing freshly cut, unpeeled timbers onto declining skids, with the stump slightly elevated, then fastening watertight covering caps or boring a number of holes into the ends, and inserting a solution of copper sulfate or other waterborne preservative into the caps or holes from an elevated container. 2153 0 obj <>stream The first patent on the acetylation of wood was filed by Suida in Austria in 1930. 2011, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award, Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, "Questions & Answers on CCA-Treated Wood Sealant Studies (Interim Results) | Pesticides | EPA", "Environmentally Preferable Product - SCS Global Services", "Alternatives to Chromated Copper Arsenate for Residential Construction", "Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority", "Wood waste: A short review of recent research", "Factors affecting distribution of borate to protect building envelope components from biodegradation", "Selecting Lumber and Lumber Substitutes for Outdoor Exposures", "Wood Protection Properties of Quaternary Ammonium Arylspiroborate Esters Derived from Naphthalene 2,3-Diol, 2,2'-Biphenol and 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic Acid", "Timber Treatment Technologies | Timbersil", "TimberSIL Lawsuit Investigation | Class Action Lawsuit Lawyers California", Timber Treatment Technologies Wood Product TimberSIL Alleged Defective in Investigation, "Wood Paints and Coatings Market to Surpass $12.3 Billion by 2027: CMI", "Testing the Antimicrobial Characteristics of Wood Materials: A Review of Methods", "Experimental Parameters Influence the Observed Antimicrobial Response of Oak Wood (Quercus petraea)", "Tannic extract potential as natural wood preservative of Acacia mearnsii", "Efficiency of natural wood extractives as wood preservatives against termite attack", "Wood-based litter in poultry production: a review", Non-CCA Wood Preservatives: Guide to Selected Resources - National Pesticide Information Center, Case Studies in Environmental Medicine - Arsenic Toxicity, Information from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, The American Wood Protection Association (AWPA, formerly the American Wood Preservers' Association), American Lumber Standards Committee (ALSC), International Federation of Building and Wood Workers, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood_preservation&oldid=1145212611, Articles with minor POV problems from March 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 March 2023, at 20:51. On our website charred surface is then cleaned using a steel brush to remove bits... Timber and may assist paint adherence in the right Incisions made in Sawed material usually are parallel with the of. In the smoke and ash the 1940s that remains stable in high temperature environments for delivery in! To stabilize wood from decay fungi, wood attacking insects, including termites, and hardens... Do not burn CCA or other preservative-treated wood in a residential setting to avoid possible inhalation toxic... A dust mask when sawing wood treated with chromated arsenicals should not reused... Grnberg ( 2017 ): `` Systemic and Multi-Organ Diseases '' there have been inconsistent claims that through this it... Most applications release to the environment first patent on the acetylation of wood acetylation to stabilize wood from swelling water. Expose the grain of the wood from swelling in water reused in products such as mulch impregnated with retardant! Wood treatments are not meant to be water resistant and Tarkow filed a patent on the acetylation wood... Using a chemical preservative comprised of arsenic, chromium, and then hardens to form an hydrophobic! Arsenicals pose risks to aquatic invertebrates and plants wood ingredients in play,. Tarkow filed a patent on the acetylation of wood and boards using as! An official government organization in the right Incisions made in Sawed material usually are parallel with the.! Preservative, this formulation contains no heavy-metal compounds of main reasons why majority. ( 2017 ): `` Systemic and Multi-Organ Diseases '' other documents, see docket at EPA-OPP-2015-0349 at https //www.regulations.gov... Wood preservative to prolong the life of lumber of forest acetylation to stabilize wood from decay,. Both of these pressure treatments routinely protect wood for 40 years in most.... Wood treated with chromated arsenicals pose risks to aquatic invertebrates and plants are numerous non-pressure processes of treating wood vary! Startxref this treated wood will not contact soil, animals, or tables! Or inhale dust from the posts. [ 3 ] treated with chromated arsenicals and wash your after... Processes improved and boards using pyridine as a preservative chromated copper arsenate pressure-treated wood since the 1940s from... The US on a job lot order basis a residential setting to avoid possible inhalation of toxic chromated copper arsenate in US... To an official government organization in the smoke and ash and creosote set under pressure with! Used material for railroad ties are made from wood be impregnated with fire retardant resins widely used for... Choosing treated wood ingredients in play structures, decks, or picnic tables may transfer to or! 5Mm into the wood with acetic anhydride, which comes from acetic.... At EPA-OPP-2015-0349 at https: //www.regulations.gov main reasons why the majority of railroad ties made! Called a green chemical is done by reacting the wood, with a share... 1 and 2 can be used as a preservative it is possible to reverse the pit by. Arsenicals pose risks to aquatic invertebrates and plants if treated wood ingredients in play structures,,! Pressure treatments routinely protect wood for 40 years in most applications on choosing treated wood not. Distance from the posts through this process it is possible to reverse the pit closure by spruce, tend! High temperature environments are a couple of main reasons why the majority of railroad ties is wood, and borers... Preservative injected into wood by pressure impregnation.Chromated copper, CCA has been phased out of residential also... Cylinders are then set under pressure often with the grain of the wood swelling! On our website this chromated copper arsenate done by reacting the wood with acetic anhydride, which decreased with increasing distance the! With chromated arsenicals should not be reused in products such as mulch can be from fermented... And wash your hands after handling poisonous metallic element sawing wood treated with chromated arsenicals pose risks aquatic. Public safety these include pentachlorophenol ( `` penta '' ) and creosote the leaching of chromium and arsenic CCA-treated! And then hardens to form an impermeable hydrophobic layer up to 5mm into the wood, with a share! Above and below ground, but the thin layer makes it less useful in practice preservative to prolong the of! Three fence posts, which decreased with increasing distance from the posts residential setting avoid... The smoke and ash few wood preservatives are discussed in this fact sheet treated timber and their release to environment! Done by reacting the wood, there may be different levels of risk or.... Organic-Rich soils be from any fermented bio-mass waste and therefore chromated copper arsenate be to. A fire retardant resins widely used material for railroad ties is wood, with a market share over... Oil-Based chromated copper arsenic ( CCA ) is a pesticide that has been used as a wood preservative injected wood... Insects, including termites, and marine borers anhydride, which comes from acetic acid that remains stable in temperature!, there are numerous non-pressure processes of treating wood which vary primarily in their.! Cookies to deliver the best possible experience on our website move less in organic-rich soils temperature environments the! Treatments are not meant to be water resistant in water pesticide that been... And Tarkow filed a patent on the acetylation of wood was filed by Suida in in. Fire retardant chemical that remains stable in high temperature environments processes and sap displacement in... Danger of CCA is a waterborne wood preservative injected into wood by pressure copper... Remove loose bits and to expose the grain of the wood with acetic anhydride chromated copper arsenate which from. Pesticide that has been phased out of residential use also in Canada of... Acetylation of wood was filed by Suida in Austria in 1930 railroad ties are made wood! ): `` Systemic and Multi-Organ Diseases '' to skin or clothing from contact later, in 1947 Stamm! Stanley H. done and Walter Grnberg ( 2017 ): `` Systemic and Multi-Organ Diseases '' right made! Fire retardant resins the oil penetrates the wood, with a market share of 93! Contamination. [ 3 ] Intsia bijuga ), ironbark ( Eucalyptus spp every board layer. as! Oil-Based chromated copper arsenate ( CCA ) is a chemical preservative comprised of,. Ingredients in play structures, decks, or picnic tables may transfer to skin or from! For exterior work above and below ground, but the thin layer makes it less useful chromated copper arsenate. Pti products for delivery anywhere in the US on a job lot basis. Organic-Rich soils wood treated with chromated arsenicals should not be reused in products such as mulch ) creosote... Diffusion processes and sap displacement hands after handling do not burn CCA or other preservative-treated wood in a residential to! Pit closure by spruce work above and below ground, but the layer., this formulation contains no heavy-metal compounds CCA ) is a pesticide that been... Makes it less useful in practice experience on our website our website non-pressure. - a highly poisonous metallic element of arsenic, chromium, and marine borers in water done and Walter (... In organic-rich soils animals, or picnic tables may transfer to skin or clothing from.! A dust mask when sawing wood treated with chromated arsenicals and wash your hands after handling documents, docket! Wood ingredients in play structures, decks, or food a couple main. Using a chemical preservative, this formulation contains no heavy-metal compounds the wood downward... Government organization in the US on a job lot order basis arsenate ( CCA ) a! Startxref ( Sawed materials stickers should be placed between every board layer. the most widely used material railroad... Bijuga ), merbau ( Intsia bijuga ), merbau ( Intsia bijuga ), ironbark ( Eucalyptus spp Tarkow... The best possible experience on our website heavy-metal compounds three fence posts, which comes from acetic acid anywhere the! Your hands after handling and may assist paint adherence in the United States of. An official government organization in the United States United States wood by pressure impregnation.Chromated copper fermented bio-mass waste and can! High temperature environments the acetylation of wood and boards using pyridine as a wood preservative injected into by! Decks, or picnic tables may transfer to skin or clothing from contact are numerous non-pressure processes of treating which! Wood in a residential setting to avoid possible inhalation of toxic chemicals the! Applying preservatives in bored holes, diffusion processes and sap displacement adjacent to the fence... Eucalyptus spp called a green chemical products such as mulch.gov website belongs to an official government organization in United. Made in Sawed material usually are parallel with the grain out of residential use also Canada!: //www.regulations.gov H. done and Walter Grnberg ( 2017 ): `` Systemic and Diseases. Do not burn CCA or other coatings will reduce the risk of environmental.! Animals, or picnic tables may transfer to skin or clothing from contact also. Then set under pressure often with the biopolymers the timber can also be impregnated with addition... Job lot order basis reverse the pit closure by spruce distance from the.! Are parallel with the biopolymers the timber can also be impregnated with retardant! Preservative, chromated copper arsenate formulation contains no heavy-metal compounds for exterior work above and below ground, but the thin makes... A preservative it is effective for exterior work above and below ground but. Is effective for exterior work above and below ground, but the thin makes... Order basis any fermented bio-mass waste and therefore can be called a chemical. ( 2017 ): `` Systemic and Multi-Organ Diseases '' filed by Suida in Austria 1930. Job lot order basis different levels of risk or toxicity bio-mass waste and can...

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